References: Chapter 2
1.
Zhang, M., et al., Molecularly Defined and Spatially Resolved Cell Atlas of the Whole Mouse Brain. Nature, 2023. 624(7991): pp. 343–54.
2.
Eisenstein, M., A Milestone Map of Mouse-Brain Connectivity Reveals Challenging New Terrain for Scientists. Nature, 2024. 628(8008): pp. 677–79.
MICrONS Consortium. Functional connectomics spanning multiple areas of mouse visual cortex. Nature. 2025 Apr;640(8058):435-447.
3.
Jacobs, S.E., et al., Cooling for Newborns with Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 2013. 2013(1): Cd003311.
4.
Wood, T.R., et al., Variability and Sex-Dependence of Hypothermic Neuroprotection in a Rat Model of Neonatal Hypoxic–Ischaemic Brain Injury: a Single Laboratory Meta-Analysis. Scientific Reports, 2020. 10(1): 10833.
Demarest, T.G. and M.M. McCarthy, Sex Differences in Mitochondrial (Dys)Function: Implications for Neuroprotection. Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, 2015. 47(1, 2): pp. 173–88.
Wood, T. and E. Nance, Disease-Directed Engineering for Physiology-Driven Treatment Interventions in Neurological Disorders. APL Bioengineering, 2019. 3(4): 040901.
Fang, M., et al., Lifetime Risk and Projected Burden of Dementia. Nature Medicine, 2025. 31(3): pp. 772–76.
5.
McDouall, A., et al., What Are the Implications of Sex Differences in Cell Death for Treatment After Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia, If Any? Pediatric Research, 2025.
Wood, T.R., et al., Therapeutic Hypothermia after Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) Results in Similar Outcomes by Sex—An Individual Patient Data Mixed Effects Meta-Analysis of Landmark Clinical Trials. Pediatric Academic Societies, Toronto, Canada, 2024.
6.
Lazebnik, Y. Can a Biologist Fix a Radio?—Or, What I Learned While Studying Apoptosis. Cancer Cell, 2002. 2(3):179-82.
7.
Lazebnik, Y. Can a Biologist Fix a Radio?—Or, What I Learned While Studying Apoptosis. Cancer Cell, 2002. 2(3):179-82.
8.
Behl, C., The Amyloid-Cascade-Hypothesis Still Remains a Working Hypothesis, No Less but Certainly No More. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2024. 16: 1459224.
Frisoni, G.B., et al., The probabilistic Model of Alzheimer Disease: The Amyloid Hypothesis Revised. Nature Reviews, Neuroscience, 2022. 23(1): pp. 53–66.
Moncrieff, J., et al., The Serotonin Theory of Depression: A Systematic Umbrella Review of the Evidence. Molecular Psychiatry, 2023. 28(8): pp. 3243–56.
Jauhar, S., et al., A Leaky Umbrella Has Little Value: Evidence Clearly Indicates the Serotonin System Is Implicated in Depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 2023. 28(8): pp. 3149–52.
El-Mallakh, R.S., et al., The Serotonin Theory of Depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 2023. 28(8): 3157.
Herrup, K., The Case for Rejecting the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis. Nature Neuroscience, 2015. 18(6): pp. 794–99.
Plaza-Florido, A., et al., Exercise Pills for Cardiometabolic Health Cannot Mimic the Exercise Milieu. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2025 Aug 9:S1043-2760(25)00151-1.
9.
De Castro, F., Cajal and the Spanish Neurological School: Neuroscience Would Have Been a Different Story Without Them. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 2019 May 24:13:187.
10.
Allen Institute, Why Is the Human Brain So Difficult to Understand? We Asked 4 Neuroscientists. 2023 February 15, 2025. Available↗
11.
Collaborators, G.D.F., Estimation of the Global Prevalence of Dementia in 2019 and Forecasted Prevalence in 2050: An Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Public Health, 2022. 7(2): pp. e105–e125.
12.
Keohane, K. and V. Grace, What Is “Alzheimer’s Disease”? The “Auguste D” Case Re-Opened. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 2019. 43(2): pp. 336–59.
13.
Liu, H., et al., The landscape of autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease: global distribution and age of onset. Brain. 2025 Jul 7;148(7):2429-2440.
14.
Dahm, R., Alzheimer’s Discovery. Current Biology. 2006 Nov;16(21):R906-10.
15.
Buda, O., et al., Georges Marinesco and the early Research in Neuropathology. Neurology, 2009. 72(1): pp. 88–91.
16.
McKee, A.C., et al., Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes: Progressive Tauopathy After Repetitive Head Injury. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, 2009. 68(7): pp. 709–35.
17.
Karran, E., M. Mercken, and B.D. Strooper, The amyloid Cascade Hypothesis for Alzheimer’s Disease: An Appraisal for the Development of Therapeutics. Nature Reviews, Drug Discovery, 2011. 10(9): pp. 698–712.
Hardy, J.A. and G.A. Higgins, Alzheimer’s Disease: The Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis. Science, 1992. 256(5054): pp. 184–185.
18.
Keuck, L., Diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease in Kraepelin’s Clinic, 1909–1912. History of the Human Sciences, 2018. 31(2): pp. 42–64.
Keohane, K. and V. Grace, What Is “Alzheimer’s Disease”? The “Auguste D” Case Re-Opened. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 2019. 43(2): pp. 336–59.
19.
Müller, U., P. Winter, and M.B. Graeber, A Presenilin 1 Mutation in the First Case of Alzheimer’s Disease. The Lancet Neurology, 2013. 12(2): pp. 129–30.
20.
Rupp, C., et al., A Presenilin 1 Mutation in the First Case of Alzheimer’s Disease: Revisited. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 2014. 10(6): pp. 869–72.
21.
Graeber, M.B., et al., Histopathology and APOE Genotype of the First Alzheimer Disease Patient, Auguste D.Neurogenetics, 1998. 1(3): pp. 223–28.
22.
Miklossy, J., Biology and Neuropathology of Dementia in Syphilis and Lyme Disease. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2008. 89: pp. 825–44.
23.
Keohane, K. and V. Grace, What Is “Alzheimer’s Disease”? The “Auguste D” Case Re-Opened. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 2019. 43(2): pp. 336–59.
24.
Rahimi, J. and G.G. Kovacs, Prevalence of Mixed Pathologies in the Aging Brain. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 2014. 6(9).
25.
Sonnen, J.A., Ecology of the Aging Human Brain. Archives of Neurology, 2011. 68(8): 1049.
26.
Piller, C., Blots on a Field? Science, 2022. 377(6604): pp. 358–63.
27.
Zhang, J., et al., Recent Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Trials and New Drug Development Strategies. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2024. 9(1): 211.
Schneider, J.A., et al., Mixed Brain Pathologies Account For Most Dementia Cases in Community-Dwelling Older Persons. Neurology. 2007 Dec 11;69(24):2197-204.
Mendes, A.J., Validating the Amyloid Cascade Through the Revised Criteria of Alzheimer's Association Workgroup 2024 for Alzheimer Disease. Neurology. 2025 Jun 10;104(11):e213675.
28.
Lau, V., L. Ramer, and M. Tremblay, An Aging, Pathology Burden, and Glial Senescence Build-Up Hypothesis for Late Onset Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Communications, 2023. 14(1): 1670.
Weaver, D.F., Alzheimer’s Disease as an Innate Autoimmune Disease (AD2): A New Molecular Paradigm. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 2023. 19(3): pp. 1086–98.
Livingston, G., et al., Dementia Prevention, Intervention, and Care: 2024 Report of the Lancet Standing Commission. The Lancet, 2024. 404(10452): pp. 572–628.
Reitz, C., et al., A Global View of the Genetic Basis of Alzheimer Disease. Nature Reviews, Neurology, 2023. 19(5): pp. 261–77.
Xu, W., et al., Meta-Analysis of Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 2015. 86(12): pp. 1299–306.
Yu, J.T., et al., Evidence-Based Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 243 Observational Prospective Studies and 153 Randomised Controlled Trials. Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 2020. 91(11): pp. 1201–09.
Zhang et al., Recent Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Trials and New Drug Development Strategies. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2024. 9(1): 211.
29.
Jagust, W.J., C.E. Tuenissen, and C. DeCarli, The Complex Pathway Between Amyloid β and Cognition: Implications for Therapy, The Lancet Neurology, 2023. pp. 847–57.
30.
Yiannopoulou, K.G., et al., Reasons for Failed Trials of Disease-Modifying Treatments for Alzheimer Disease and Their Contribution in Recent Research. Biomedicines, 2019 Dec;7(4):97.
Zhang, Y., et al., Amyloid β-Based Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: Challenges, Successes and Future. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2023. 8(1): 248.
31.
Sims, J.R., et al., Donanemab in Early Symptomatic Alzheimer Disease: The TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2023. 330(6): pp. 512–27.
van Dyck, C.H., et al., Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2023. 388(1): pp. 9–21.
Mahase, E., Lecanemab and Donanemab: NICE Reconsiders Controversial Alzheimer’s Drugs. The BMJ, 2025;388:r463.
Teipel, S., et al., Clinical efficacy of anti-amyloid antibodies in apolipoprotein E ε4 homozygotes: A Bayesian reanalysis of lecanemab and donanemab phase 3 results. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2025 Apr 9;11(2):e70083.
Seegert, L., Controversial New Alzheimer’s Drugs Offer Hope—But at a High Cost. Nature, 2025. 645, S10-S12
32.
Hodes, R.J. and Kelly, A., Beyond amyloid: Targeting a broader range of Alzheimer’s disease factors. National Institute on Aging, February 26, 2025. Available↗
Livingston, G., et al., Dementia Prevention, Intervention, and Care: 2024 Report of the Lancet standing Commission. The Lancet, 2024. 404(10452): pp. 572–628.
Zhang, Y., et al., Identifying Modifiable Factors and Their Joint Effect on Dementia Risk in the UK Biobank. Nature Human Behaviour, 2023. 7(7): pp. 1185–95.